Drug â€excipient Interaction of Anti-tubercular Drugs

Drug –excipient Interaction of Anti-tubercular Drugs Drug –excipient interaction of anti-tubercular drugs and its in-silico evaluation Abstract Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide are the first line anti tubercular drugs. Lactose is mainly used as the excipient in solid dosage forms of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. These drugs contains primary and secondary amino functional group which interacts with lactose by maillard reaction and form adduct. The maillard reaction adducts of isoniazid and pyrazinamide with lactose were synthesized at 60oC in alkaline borate buffer pH 9.2 and characterized by UV, FT-IR, DSC, HPLC and MS. Docking study for in-sillico evaluation of isoniazid-lactose adduct and pyrazinamide-lactose adduct was performed to study its effect on pharmacological activity. The present study shows the presence of incompatibility between isoniazid and pyazinamidewith lactose which leads to loss the therapeutic effect of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Keywords: isoniazid, pyrazinamide, lactose, maillard reaction, excipient, incompatibility, dosage form. Introduction Excipients are traditionally better known as promoters of degradation than as stabilizers of drug substances (Crowley 1999). Physicochemical and physiological process e.g. stability, physiological pH, gastrointestinal transit time, disintegration, dissolution, permeability and bioavailability can be altered by drug excipient interaction (Jackson, Young et al. 2000). The interactions of drug with excipients can leads to changes in the chemical, physical and therapeutic properties can be termed as incompatibilities (Chadha and Bhandari 2014) and it may cause the drug degradation (Narang, Desai et al. 2012) and loss of pharmacological activity (Patil and Patil 2013). Lactose is most widely used as the excipient in the solid dosage forms. Lactose is available in different form and different grade with different physical characteristics. Lactose is very popular excipient because of low cost and inertness but in other hand lactose have interaction drug with amino functional group i.e. lact ose undergoes maillard [Monajjemzadeh, 2009]The maillard reaction is named Louis Maillard who reported over 80 years ago that some amine and reducing sugars interact each other and forms brown pigments. The first product of this reaction is simple glycosamine (Wirth, Baertschi et al. 1998). In this study, we attempted to explore the modes of interaction and energy binding of the different isomers of isoniazid adduct, pyrazinamide adduct and also study the biological activity of isoniazid adduct and pyrazinamide adduct compare with the help of various molecular modelling techniques. In treatment of tuberculosis, isoniazid and pyrazinamide are key components of first line regimen (Hemanth, Sudha et al. 2012). Isoniazid is chemically isonicotohydrazide and pyrazinamide is chemically pyrazine-2-carboxamide. Isoniazid and pyrazinamide is susceptible for hydrolysis and oxidation interact with excipient particularly carbohydrate and reducing sugars to form hydrazones. The hydrazone is mainly form by the interaction of isoniazid with lactose. There are also reported incompatibilities between lactose and other drugs containing primary and secondary amino functional group (Haywood, Mangan et al. 2005). In this study we were investigated the interaction between lactose with isoniazid and pyrazinamide for that different analytical technique were used and also done the in-sillico evaluation of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Materials and methods Materials Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide was generously supplied as a gift sample by Macleods Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Wapi (Gujarat), India. Lactose monohydrate was purchased from Merck, Merck specialtiesPvt.Ltd. Mumbai, India. All other chemicals were of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analytical grade. Methods Analytical methods UV-visible spectrophotometry The Ultraviolet-visible spectra of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and the Isoniazid–lactose adduct, Pyrazinamide-lactose adductwere recorded on a double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-1700; Shimadzu, Japan). An accurately weighed quantity of about 10 mg of isoniazid, 10 mg of pyrazinamide, 11.66 mg isoniazid-lactose adduct (equivalent to 10 mg isoniazid), 13.33 mg of pyrazinamide-lactose adduct (equivalent to 10 mg pyrazinamide) each dissolved separately in 100 ml of distilled water. From this, one ml of solution was diluted to 10.0 mL with of distilled water to obtain concentration of 10 ppm. All solutionswere scanned in UV-Visible range at 420 and 490 nm (Yates, Jones et al. 2003). Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, lactose, a isoniazid–lactose physical mixture, pyrazinamide-lactose physical mixture and the isoniazid–lactose adduct, pyrazinamide-lactose were recorded. The spectra were obtained using the diffuse reflectance scan method using KBr on an FT-IR spectrophotometer (IR Affinity 1; Shimadzu, Japan). The scanning range was 400–4000 cm-1. Each sample was scanned 45 times consecutively to obtain FT-IR spectrum. HPLC analysis The HPLC (Gradient) system used for analysis consisted of Agilent Technologies 1200 series equipment, a G1315D quaternary pump, a G1315D diode array detector and a rheodyne injector fitted with a 20  µL loop. Data were recorded and evaluated using the EZChrome Elite software package. Samples were analyzed using LunaC18 column (250 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm i.d. Ãâ€" 5  µm) (Phenomenex) as stationary phase. The mobile phase was water: methanol (95:05, v/v), flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with detection at 266 nm for isoniazid and 269 nm for pyrazinamide. Differential scanning calorimetry Thermal analysis of Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, isoniazid–lactose adduct and pyrazinamide-lactose was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a TA 6000 Mettler toledo thermal analyzer. Individual samples as well as the Maillard adduct (about 2 mg) were weighed in the DSC aluminum pan and were scanned in the temperature range of 25–300 °C. A heating rate of 10 °C/min was used. The thermograms were reviewed for evidence of interaction. Mass Spectrometry The Mass spectrometry was performed using 410 Prostar binary LC with 500 MS with Electro spray Positive ionization and Negative Ionization mode and Mass range is 50-2000 amu. The Isoniazid-lactose, Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct solution dissolved in mobile phase to obtain concentration about 100 µg/mL. In the positive ion mode with electrospray ionization technique, the sample was analyzed. Determination of lactose in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms The presence of lactose in DOTs tablets was initially examined according to Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007 by taking 5ml saturated solution of tablet powder and then add 5ml 1 M NaOH, Heat and cool at room temperature finally add potassium cupri tatatarate the solution becomes red color shows presence of lactose. Preparation of adduct Sample Prepared in alkaline borate buffer Accurately weighed quantity of Isoniazid 300 mg (equivalent to dose of isoniazid) and 50 mg lactose monohydrate dissolve in alkaline borate buffer pH 9.2 by stirring and ultrasound in 100 ml round bottom flask. In similar way 750 mg pyrazinamide (equivalent to dose of pyrazinamide) was dissolve with 250 mg lactose monohydrate in alkaline borate buffer pH 9.2 in 100 ml round bottom flask. The cleared solutions were refluxed at 600C for 12 hour on water bath. The reaction mixture filtered was diluted with menthol: water (1:1). The adduct was subjected to HPLC analysis (gradient and isocratic run) and Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The intensity of brown color was determined was spectrophotometrically after dissolving weighed quantity in distilled water. Docking study The molecular docking tool, GLIDE (Schrodinger Inc., USA) (2006) was used for ligand docking study. The protein preparation was carried out using ‘protein preparation wizard’ in Maestro 9.0. Result UV-Visible spectroscopy The UV-visible absorption spectrum of the isoniazid–lactose adduct and pyrazinamide–lactose adduct had shown an increase in absorption in the visible range as compared with isoniazid and pyrazinamide in distilled water as the solvent. The increased absorption the visible region (brown color) is due to Melanoidins production as the end products of the Maillard reaction as reported earlier (Shen, Tseng et al. 2007). FT-IR spectroscopy The FT-IR absorption patterns of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, lactose, Isoniazid–lactose physical mixture immediately after mixing and pyrazinamide-lactose physical mixture immediately after mixing as well as Isoniazid–lactose adduct, Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct were recorded. The peak at 1678 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of Isoniazid-lactose adduct, 1614 cm−1 Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct can be attributed to the imines formation. The peak of N–H bending is present at 1552 cm−1 and 1583 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of Isonizid and Pyrazinamide and its physical mixture respectively. The peak present in spectrum of Isonizid and Pyrazinamide and its physical mixture are absent in Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct both these observations support the formation of adduct. The N–H stretching band of secondary amine appears at 3302 cm−1 and at 3292 cm-1 for Isonizid and Pyrazinamide respectively. The peak for the lactose O–H appears at 3522 cm−1 in the infrared spectra of lactose. The peaks for N–H and O–H stretching appear in the spectrum of the physical mixture, but the peak for N–H disappears in the spectrum of the adduct. This may indicate the reaction of the amine with the red ucing sugar, or it may be due overlapping of N–H stretching peak with that of O–H. The FTIR spectra of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Lactose physical mixture, Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct shows an interaction between Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide with lactose leading to the formation of a Maillard product (Pavia et al 2009). Differential scanning calorimetry The DSC thermograms show the presence of melting points for isoniazid and pyrazinamide at 171.61ÃŽ ¿C and 189.55 ÃŽ ¿C. The DSC thermogram of lactose shows the peak at 209.83 ÃŽ ¿C. The adduct shows the disappearance of the melting point peak of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, paracetamol and vildagliptine in adduct samples confirms the formation of adduct. Gradient HPLC analysis Initially a gradient run of water and methanol was performed to obtain preliminary information regarding the unknown peaks in maillard reaction products (Shen, Tseng et al. 2007). The mobile phase was optimized to separate the Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct was water: methanol (95:05, v/v) with a flow rate 0.8ml/min at ambient temperature. The Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct elutes at 3.833min and 1.613 min respectively. The control samples for isoniazid and pyrazinamide (without lactose) were also analyzed which proves method selectivity. Isocratic HPLC analysis The optimized isocratic HPLC analysis of the Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose revealed one extra peak that eluted before Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide elution respectively. Performing analysis under same chromatographic parameters, no another peak was observed in control samples. Mass spectrometry The Isoniazid-lactose and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct dissolve in mobile phase to obtain drug concentration about 100 µg/ml. In the positive ion mode with electrospray ionization technique, the sample was analyzed. The MS spectra show the precursor ion for Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct was protonated molecule ([M+H]+) m/z 463.3 and 448.1 respectively. The Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct molecular mass was consistent with Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct condensation product respectively. The loss of one water molecule from parent leads to maillard-type condensation product. Docking study Isoniazid In docking study, isoniazid shows binding with ARG-38 amino acid in the selected structure of protein (PDB code: 3I6N) and isoniazid-lactose adduct shows binding with ASN-72, SER-69, SER-173, ALA-134 and PRO-132 amino acid in the selected structure of protein (PDB code: 3I6N) as shown in Table No. 1.1. Pyrazinamide Pyrazinamide shows binding with ALA-131 amino acid in the selected structure of protein (PDB code: 3PL1) and pyrazinamide-lactose adduct shows binding with ASP-133 and LEU-131 amino acid in the selected structure of protein (PDB code: 3PL1). Discussion On the above observation difficulties in the formulating a new pharmaceutical dosage form have often experienced because of the interaction between the lactose and active ingredients itself i.e. isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Although the nature and intensity of this interaction may alter the stability, dissolution rate and consequently absorption of the drug and also affect the pharmacological effect. it indicates that such interactions involving in the formation of the complexes and it studied by different analytical techniques. The UV results shows increased absorption in the visible region (brown color) is due to Melanoidins production as the end products of the Maillard reaction as reported earlier in Shen, Tseng et al. 2007. The FTIR spectra of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Lactose physical mixture, Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct shows peak of C=N it shows that formation of a Maillard product. HPLC analysis of the Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose revealed one extra peak of impurity or maillard reaction product that eluted before Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide elution respectively. The MS spectra show the precursor ion for Isoniazid-lactose adduct and Pyrazinamide-lactose adduct and it has same molecular weight related to maillard-type condensation product. In the docking study of isoniazid adduct and pyrazinamide adduct shows more binding than isoniazid and pyrazinamide but this is pseudo results because this binding present at hydroxyl group and hydroxyl group are responsible for the increase excretion of the isoniazid and pyrazinamide and it may be reduces the therapeutic effect of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. In spite of that analytical study confirm the occurrence of maillard reaction product in lactose containing solid dosage forms of amino functional group containing drugs but lactose is still preferred as excipient in the isoniazid and pyrazinamide containing anti-tubercular formulation i.e. DOT’s. Conclusion The present study reports that antitubercular drugs i.e. isoniazid and pyrazinamide undergoes maillard reaction and that confirmed by UV, FT-IR, HPLC and MS. The docking study of isoniazid adduct and pyrazinamide adduct more binding than isoniazid and pyrazinamide but it is pseudo results pharmacologically the excretion of isoniazid and pyrazinamide increase and it ultimately reduces the therapeutic activity. A drugs- excipient interaction study can be actively used to the advantage of the formulator to increase the bioavailability of the drug. By compiling the data the use of lactose in the formulation of isoniazid and pyrazinamide, secondary amines needs to reconsideration. References: Chadha, R. and S. Bhandari (2014). Drug–excipient compatibility screening—Role of thermoanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis87: 82-97. Crowley, P. J. (1999). Excipients as stabilizers. Pharmaceutical science technology today2(6): 237-243. Haywood, A., et al. (2005). Extemporaneous isoniazid mixture: stability implications. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research35(3): 181. Hemanth, A. K., et al. (2012). Simple and rapid liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in plasma. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS9(1): 13-18. Indian Pharmacopoeia, (2007). Government of India, Ministry of health and family walefare, published by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Gaziabad; vol. II III, pp. 658, 478, 628, 1009, 1008. Jackson, K., et al. (2000). Drug–excipient interactions and their affect on absorption. Pharmaceutical science technology today3(10): 336-345. MONAJJEMZADEH, F., HASSANZADEH, D., VALIZADEH, H., SIAHI-SHADBAD, M. R., MOJARRAD, J. S., ROBERTSON, T. A. ROBERTS, M. S. 2009b. Compatibility studies of acyclovir and lactose in physical mixtures and commercial tablets. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 73, 404-413. Narang, A. S., et al. (2012). Impact of excipient interactions on solid dosage form stability. Pharmaceutical research29(10): 2660-2683. PAVIA, D. L. 2009. Introduction to spectroscopy, CengageBrain. com Patil, D. D. and C. R. Patil (2013). Modification of pharmacological activity of nebivolol due to Maillard reaction. Pharmaceutical development and technology18(4): 844-851. Petrella, Stà ©phanie Gelus-Ziental, Nathalie Maudry, Arnaud Laurans, Caroline Boudjelloul, RachidSougakoff, Wladimir(2011).Crystal structure of the pyrazinamidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: insights into natural and acquired resistance to pyrazinamide.PLoS One,6(1):e15785. Singh, Amit K Kumar, Ramasamy P Pandey, Nisha Singh, Nagendra Sinha, Mau Bhushan, AshaKaur, PunitSharma, SujataSingh, Tej P (2010). Mode of Binding of the Tuberculosis Prodrug Isoniazid to Heme Peroxidases BINDING STUDIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE LACTOPEROXIDASE WITH ISONIAZID AT 2.7 Ã… RESOLUTION.Journal of biological chemistry, 285(2): 1569-1576. Shen, S.-C., et al. (2007). An analysis of Maillard reaction products in ethanolic glucose–glycine solution. Food chemistry102(1): 281-287. Wirth, D. D., et al. (1998). Maillard reaction of lactose and fluoxetine hydrochloride, a secondary amine. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences87(1): 31-39. Yates, E. A., et al. (2003). Microwave enhanced reaction of carbohydrates with amino-derivatised labels and glass surfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry13(9): 2061-2063.

Personal Response- Forrest Gump (Film) Essay

This film follows the life of Forest Gump who struggles to live outside the barriers that society has given him. Forrest is a little ‘slow’; although his mental impairment doesn’t seem to bother him. In fact, the naivetà © that comes from his limited understanding of the world around him gives Forrest a uniquely positive perspective of life. Forest overcomes the challenges in his life, becoming a star football player, a war hero, a successful businessman, and something of a pop icon. Through it all, however, there is one defining element in his life: his love for Jenny. She is never far from his thoughts, no matter what he’s doing or where he is. I believe the director uses the character Forrest Gump to convey the thought that most people are too smart for their own good; he uses Forrest in order to show the audience that escaping from the realities and actualities of the world can have positive outcomes throughout life. While other characters in the film struggle with conflicts in society, Forrest remains unaware of them; this allows him to live in the moment. Forrest goes out of his way to do what is right, as opposed to what is easy, I believe that this movie asks me to look at the imperfections within myself and calls me to become a more selfless person. I highly recommend this film to year 12 students, Forrest has an ability to truly humble another human being, and his optimism, freshness, and emotional honesty are just a few qualities that he teaches us throughout the film. The movie does not seek to reduce every member of the audience to tears; it does however have moments where the true power of message comes from the simplest of things. For example, Forrest says to anyone that will listen, â€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re going to get.† Through this quote we see that Forest is able and  willing to go through life taking every opportunity given to him, I believe the way he sees the world is incredibly unique and that I have benefited from seeing his views of life, in many ways this f ilm has changed my perspective of life and I believe that year 12’s will find this film highly enjoyable and beneficial. I believe an aspect that makes this film beneficial for all year 12 students is that it addresses the perspectives of war. The movie shows the different perspectives of the Vietnamese war, in scenes we see thousands of protesters protesting and in the very next frames we see supporters rallying together and congratulating the returned men. This contrast is highly refreshing, it is not common in movies to show multiple perspectives on war; however the film Forrest Gump manages to show the audience three perspectives. During the 60s and 70s, no topic was of higher debate than that of the Vietnam War and those who were sent overseas to fight. Forrest, as might be expected, has a singular viewpoint on his time spent in Vietnam, he narrated during the film saying, â€Å"We took long walks and were always looking for this guy named Charlie.† In Forrest’s observation of the war we see that although he was fighting willingly, he did not know why or what he was fighting for. I believe that this is the underlying message that the Director is trying to portray, on one side of the line there are those for the War, on the other are those against it and in the middle is Forrest Gump. In many ways Forrest teaches us about governments exploiting its citizens, he was sent to a place where he may have died and yet he did not understand why he was there to begin with, however he did enlist himself for the war. I struggle with the double meanings throughout the movie, we see the positives and the negatives of war through the death of Forrest’s best friend, Bubba, and the medal Forrest receives for saving Lt. Dan. In the end I’m left just as confused about the war as Forrest Gump is about life. I challenge year 12’s to watch this movie, keeping in mind that everything Forrest says means something deeper than the definition of each word that leaves his mouth. I believe that the character Forrest Gump teaches me to treasure the moments in my life and to understand why I’m doing what I’m doing. Especially in scenarios that can affect other people. He is some sort of inspiration to me; this is however not in the usual context. He inspires me to never enter situations  where I do not fully comprehend nor understand the consequences of my actions, he inspires me to never let someone take advantage of me and he inspires me to just simply, be me. Throughout the entire film we see Forest Gump’s tragic life; nearly everyone he holds most dear to him dies. Life can be brutal at times, I found myself crying during the moments when Forrest’s life seemed painfully hard. In some ways I could see that with every loved one that he’d lost a part of him had died with them. I can understand this feeling as my best friend’s father passed away only three years ago this month. As she is growing up, she is realising the disadvantages of not having him with her, knowing that he is not there to teach her how to drive or help her get her first job. I see her pain and I know that there is nothing I can do to stop it, I am powerless. I believe that there is finality in death, however in this film Forrest teaches the audience that a part of us may die with a loved one, but that doesn’t stop life from coming back to us. The underlying message that Forrest has to offer on the subject of death is that you should nev er let heart-break or tragedies take over your life. Forrest accepts that dying is inevitable, â€Å"Momma always said dying was a part of life,† he says. â€Å"I sure wish it wasn’t.† Death occurs not only in Forrest’s personal life, but also in the larger community. This film has a historical setting and we see the main events of the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s through the eyes of Forrest. In this era, death of high valued people within America rocked the foundations of its society; numerous assassinations took place including JFK, RFK and John Lennon. Forrest struggles with the necessity of death as he watches those he loves fall to illness and war and those he admires fall to random attack. During this time the death of Martin Luther King Jr. created the greatest conflict within society and he is still remembered to day for his fight against racism and war. The King family and others believe that the assassination was carried out by a conspiracy involving the US government and that James Ear l Ray was a scapegoat. At the time the thought of this alone was enough to spark a civil war within America, although this was avoided by Senator RFK, who spoke to a crowd directly after being informed of Martin L. King’s passing. In his speech he said, â€Å"I had a member of my family killed, but he was killed by a white man.† RFK’s attempts at avoiding  severe rioting based on race was only semi successful, however his speech is widely considered one of the greatest speeches in American history. King was a beloved leader in the civil rights movement, and also an advocate for nonviolence. His death led some people to feel angry and disillusioned; from his death they began to believe that the only effective resistance to racism is violence. King was used as a martyr, however his cause for non-violence was ignored and he was used as a reason for blacks to shed blood. Dying is a part of life, only two months after RFK said his speech he too was assassinated, this shows that it does not matter who you are or if you are ready to die because in the end death will come for you when your least expecting it . I don’t expect to die anytime soon. But Forrest’s life teaches me that it could happen this moment, while I am writing. Steve Jobs once said â€Å"No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new.† I believe this quote shows that death is inevitable, in the end we all die, we may try to avoid death but it will always come for us one day, it may be tomorrow, it may be in fifty years from now, but it’s coming for us all.

The Debate Over Essay Writing Topics English

The Debate Over Essay Writing Topics English In case you have any questions, you can get in touch with our friendly support team night and day and get immediate assistance. For growth-mindset folks, on the flip side, effort is the thing that makes you smart or talented. A team is waiting to do a lot of the work for those who want it the most. It's important to acquire decent excellent help in order to give yourself a good probability of landing the very best grade. Writing an essay may be a tedious and demanding task that could wind up occupying all of your time after school. Students want to learn how to synthesize knowledge based on these healthcare references. The ACT Writing test isn't bound to check your knowledge about a specific topic, but it's rather designed to assess your English writing skills. An individual should gather all the appropriate information regarding the assigned essay topic. The subject of the essay has to be clear in the very first paragraph. Wr iting a meaningful and well developed it not only requires proper knowledge about the topic but also asks for specialized writing skills that will allow the students to write a creative as well as meaningful essay. Fantastic job, you've completed your ideal essay. Getting able to come up with a logical essay about this issue at hand indicates that you're able to comprehend the issue that you are asked to deal with. Prepare an Outline With an aim to compose a brilliant essay one has to begin outlining or preparing the very first draft. As soon as you've written down the prompt you are going to want to get started doing whatever research is necessary for your ideal essay. There are thesis or dissertation papers which are waiting for somebody to publish. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. At our business, you will acquire freelance essay writing services that are customized to your requirements and requirement. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our busi ness can deliver. If you are in charge of a company or seeking to accomplish any personal goal, it's simple to become side tracked by the minutiae. Work is crucial, so find what you enjoy. Tourism helps to improve overall wellness and enhance the human mood. Students are waiting to provide feedback on the healthcare papers that they submit. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Vital Pieces of Essay Writing Topics English Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. Unique kinds of the exam pattern and the ideal book only as long as you're totally free to register here in order to write. It does take plenty of work to collect and gather all your notes and research, but when you sit down to compose the paper you will be extremely thankful you did! Then you'll move on to the remainder of your paper. The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Topics English All sorts of essays require citations, so it's going to be a good idea to keep details about all your sources in 1 place. All the information and ideas regarding the topic ought to be arranged systematically. Try out another topic and do the identical 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know it is simple to write on. Because it is quite a bit less difficult to write about the intriguing subject than about the unfamiliar one. The Dirty Truth on Essay Writing Topics English As a result of this guarantee, the delivered order will incorporate all essential specifics. Even in the event the deadline is actually tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. In the ACT test, you'll have the choice of whether to take the Writing test. The first thing which countries gain from tourism is to give job opportunities for their citizens. Due to a wide array of proposals in the marketplace, it's really hard to locate the reliable one. For a number of other reasons, tourism is regarded as one the most crucial capabilities. There are several different varieties of tourism on earth, which restrict every one of them in a different way from traditional tourism. New Ideas Into Essay Writing Topics English Never Before Revealed I don't permit the passive voice as it excludes agency. Tourism helps you get to know new people from the countries you visit, so you may make several new friendships that may benefit someone and make several new opportunities. It helps people experience many new and different things that may not be available in their country. The very first paragraph introduces your major ideas and attracts attention to the remainder of your work. Select an intriguing topic Student must choose a topic that's prevailing and trending so that it may draw the eye of ultimate readers in only a fast glance. They always create authentic content. After you've completed all your research and note taking it's a fantastic notion to return through and organize them. It's normal to forget how far you've come in life. Make certain you realize the prompt and otherwise, don't be scared to ask questions or go to office hours. Even after extensive practice a kid may still discover that they're running out of time. Last step practice package for children.

Car Rental Business Plan - 4055 Words

Car Rental Services Table of Contents S.no Description Page Introduction 3 1.0 Executive Summary 4 2.0 Business Description 5 2.1 Business plan 5 2.2 Long term goals of the company 5 2.3 Starting plan Expenses 5 2.4 Company strength Uniqueness of service 7/8 2.5 Potential of the business 8 3.0 Marketing Plan 9 3.1 Marketing segments Target segments 9 3.2 Market needs 10 3.3 Competition 10 3.4 Promotion Advertising strategy 11 3.5 Pricing Strategy 11 3.6 Marketing Budget 12 4.0 Operation Plan 13 4.1 Various service offered 13 4.2 Selling price Sales revenue 14 5.0 Management Plan 15 5.1 Management team 15 5.2 Role of Employees 16 6.0 Financial Plan 17 6.1 Profit loss statement 18 6.2 Cash flow statement†¦show more content†¦In the past 5 years, the Kingdom of Bahrain has undergone a sea of change, with major developments happening in the private sector public sector. Many ambitious projects such as residential office buildings, resorts and other various developments are being sanctioned by the government. This recent developments have increased tourism and foreign investments into the country and with these developments, the car rental and the hotel business has started booming. 2.2) Long term goals of the Company For the company to be successful, it is important to fix and fulfill all its goals that have been set to be achieved. Our future goals or targets are: ï‚ § To expand the company business into Saudi Arabia ï‚ § To set up a driving training institute ï‚ § To form a Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) for liability protection of personal and company assets. 2.3) Starting plan Expenses The Owner will finance the start-up expenses for the company. The property on Exhibition road will be leased in January 2007 for a minimum of three years. The location is already fixed and secured the lease for BD 600 per month. We have also made a contract with the local motor company, to acquire four Toyotas, four Nissan, one Mazda, one BMW Z3 and two Limousines. The owner will have an initial investment of BD 1,000,000 Initial Setup Costs for 1 year Marketing Advertising BD 9,600/- Promotion marketing of the business at BD 800/- per monthShow MoreRelatedCar Rental Agency Business Plan1867 Words   |  8 PagesCar Rental Agency Business Plan For Raising Capital from Investors, Banks, or Grant Companies! Please note that the financials in this complete free business plan are completely fictitious and may not match the text of the business plan below. This free business plan demonstration purposes only. If you are interested in purchasing the completed editable MS Word and Excel documents for this business plan, please click the button below! Also, the text of the business plan is formatted with a fullyRead MoreRENT a Car Business plan Essay example1652 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Car Rental Business plan Excecutive Summary Company and Financing Summary Products and Services Overview Strategic Analysis with current research! Marketing Plan Personnel Plan 3 Year Advanced Financial Plan Expanded Financial Plan with Monthly Financials FREE 30 Page Sample Private Placement Memorandum FREE PowerPoint Presentation for Banks, Investors, or Grant Companies! 1.0 Executive Summary The purpose of this business plan is to raise $300,000 for the development of aRead MoreCase Study : Stellios And The Easy Corporation1705 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted in the airline business and went that prove successful he created The EasyCar.com Company which started an internet based way to rent a car, customers could log into an account and reserve a car without having to ever deal with a sales person. Their corporation used a quite different approach than did their competitors where The EasyCar.com Company used a single type of car and no other types of cars to choose from. Other car rental companies would have many types of cars to rent to fit manyRead MoreMarketing Pl Riyaz Rent A Car Service1405 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Riyaz rent-a-car service and Bus Rental is a one stop solution for all your vehicle rental requirements, including short-term rentals and long-term leasing. We aim to provide a relaxed and professional atmosphere in all our car rental centres, highlighted by a friendly approach and flexibility in our dealings with both customers and suppliers. Whether our customers are individuals or companies, our goal is to match each requirement with the right vehicle at the most competitiveRead MoreEnterprise Holdings And Corporate Social Responsibility1263 Words   |  6 PagesEnterprise Holdings started as a car leasing business in the basement of a St. Louis dealership in 1957 with Jack Taylor as its founder. Enterprise prides itself on exceeding the customers’ expectations by building relationships one step and promise at a time. Enterprise Holdings task itself in the common mission to be the best transportation service provider in the world. To exceed customer expectation for service, quality, value, to provide employees with a great place to work and to serve theRead MoreZipcar Case Study1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmaximize Zipcar’s business advantage that brought advantages to both customers and the company’s bottom-line profits. By smartly use of technology, Zipcar was able to provide convenient and reliabl e access to on-demand transportation, making mobility as top priority. With the use of Internet and the technological infrastructure, Zipcar was able to build, operate, sustain, and scale a viable service to its customers. Since technology may fail sometimes, so obviously there was no recovery plan mentioned throughoutRead MoreAirport Master Plan For Red Deer International Airport1082 Words   |  5 Pages8.0 Roads The Roads, Transit and Parking Section will overlook in detail the preparation, research and plans we have for Red Deer International airport. This document will also overlook operation processes, pertinent to roles in future groundside development, transit operations, parking lots and parking garages, public access roads, bridges, curb spaces and commercial vehicle. About our Roads, Transit and Parking. In this section, the details of operational for road operations, parking operationsRead MoreOverstock.com Company Analysis852 Words   |  3 Pageswholesale prices. The goods for sale include bed-and-bath supplies, home appliances, kitchen utensils, watches, jewelry, gadgets, sporting merchandise, clothes and accessories. SWOT Analysis Strengths The source of Overstock.com’s power on its expansion plans come from their skilled executive team and large funds set aside to take advantage of unanticipated opportunities. Among the online retailers at present, the prices of their merchandise are lower than competitors such as Ebay.com and Amazon.com. ThisRead MoreTravelling Should Be A Memorable Experience1719 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily friendly package that covers children under the age of 21 years old at no additional cost. Travelex Travel Insurance Policies †¢ Travel Basic Travel insurance- offers competitive coverage for those travellers on a budget. It is the ideal plan for domestic or short trips that offers monetary reimbursements instead of supplier credit vouchers and provides coverage for side excursions and missed cruised connections, along with: ïÆ'Ëœ Trip cancellation ïÆ'Ëœ Emergency medical evacuation ïÆ'Ëœ Travel assistanceRead MoreThe Rental Car Company Is Laying The Foundation For Building A Relational Database995 Words   |  4 Pages The rental car company is laying the foundation for building a relational database and is already deep within the design phase of the SDLC. Developing enterprise data models will ensure the business requirements are being met and in the long run, spell success for the enterprise. The two entity relationship diagrams the rental car company has established are 1) a Conceptual data model and 2) a Logical data model. Using the process of building these foundational models, the rental car company

The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb - 2429 Words

The dropping of the atomic bomb was the first of many nuclear projects. The first project was called the Manhattan project. Three bombs were created, one was a test, and the two others were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, cities in Japan. These bombs created mass destruction for the two cities; buildings were obliterated, fires erupted, and radiation spread for miles. After foreign countries saw what the United States was capable of, countries all around the world started to develop their own nuclear weapons, creating a surplus of weapons of mass destruction. â€Å"Today, eight countries in the world have nuclear arsenals (weapon supplies). The United States and Russia (formerly part of the Soviet Union) have most of the world’s nuclear weapons. Other countries with nuclear arms include China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom† (Kroenig). Following World War Two, the Soviet Union and the United States were leaders of nuclear weapons. This period was called the Cold War. Forty-five years of potential nuclear destruction loomed over the Soviets and Americans. It wasn’t until after the Cold War that diplomats created the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. The Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, or NPT for short, recognizes the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom as nuclear weapon states. Nearly every country in the world is a member of the treaty, even if they do not possess nuclear weapons, by law they state that they are a nonnuclearShow MoreRelatedThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb853 Words   |  4 Pagesall have diverse opinions on the dropping of the atomic bomb. Varying from, it should be dropped to bring an end to the war with Japan, to it is inhumane to use such a power weapon on the Japanese military. Having so many diverse opinions on the newest found weapon, made the decision difficult for President Truman. There is no found proof that the war would have ended shortly after if it hadnâ⠂¬â„¢t been dropped. It was an uncertain factor on what would happen if the bomb wasn’t dropped, as well as whatRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe dropping of the atomic bomb was used to save American lives; the most common excuse as to why President Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. In Major Problems in the History of World War II it has been discussed in the chapter The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II that former President Truman recalled how he learned about the atomic bomb project as well as the public opinion on the Atomic Bomb. I believe that the solution that Truman gave when dropping the Atomic BombRead MoreThe Dropping of the Atomic Bomb1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Right to Drop the Atomic Bomb â€Å"On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later another B-29, Bock’s Car, released one over Nagasaki. Both caused enormous casualties and physical destruction.† (Maddox 1). These disastrous events have weighted upon the American conscience ever since that day in history. Even though there are some people that disagree with the dropping of the atomic bomb, President Truman’s decisionRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe dropping of the atomic bombs in Japan was a very helpful source for the United States during the WWII. President Truman, took the responsibility of dropping and creation of the atomic bomb. For the reason that The United States was seeking revenge on Japan for the attack at Pearl Harbor. The atomic bomb caused a high number of innocent Japanese deaths and also awful sickness. The atomic bombs left a big impact in the Japa nese empire; also effected the Japanese at the time of the atomic bomb andRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay2212 Words   |  9 PagesThe dropping of the Atomic Bomb changed not only warfare forever, but also all international relations. With that being said, the decision to do so was one of the biggest decisions made by any government in the history of time. Nuclear warfare was way more destructive and way faster than any other form of warfare preceding. With the United States seemingly always viewed to be â€Å"the good guys† it is puzzling that this country is the same one who killed hundreds of thousands of people all at once andRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan Essay2238 Words   |  9 Pagesdiffer in relation to the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan? (Intro 1—Context/Cover) The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on HiroshimaRead MoreCauses Of Dropping The Atomic Bomb871 Words   |  4 Pages U.S. Atomic Bombing kills more than 150,000 people! In september 1 1939 through september 2 1945 the world was at war. The Axis powers which were Germany,Italy and Japan. Then there was the allies which were United States, Britain, France then eventually Russia. The Axis powers ruled most of europe then when the U.S. Entered we attacked italy then we invaded france to get it back because it was under nazi control. When europe was finally contained and germany surrendered, on the other side ofRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan5502 Words   |  23 Pagesrelation to the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan? Sub Issues Questions: Scott Carroll The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on HiroshimaRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima3031 Words   |  13 PagesThe dropping of the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort by the United States (U.S.) and backed by the Sovie t Union, the British andRead MoreDropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima1081 Words   |  5 PagesDropping of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima With the closing of the Second World War at hand, Harry S. Truman represented the United States in Potsdam Germany to decide the fate of a post war world. The key individuals in the conference consisted of the allied leaders, Soviet Premier Stalin, Prime Minister Churchill, and Truman. Dubbed the â€Å"big Three† in the second conference of the post war, they were charged with the daunting task of dealing with Japan and their continued effort in the ending

Pablo Picaso “Olga” Free Essays

The portrait of Olga is a naturalistic depiction of Picasso’s wife. I think that the missing arm chair, the shadow, the darkness, and the paleness of Olga are a sign from Picasso that their relationship was not always so good. I assume this because from the site http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Picaso â€Å"Olga† or any similar topic only for you Order Now sapergalleries. com/PicassoWomen. html I found that their marriage had its ups and downs and they were two different people. This painting is well painted. It gives me a feeling that Olga was present when Picasso painted this portrait. This woman is beautiful and I think that Picasso would paint his wife beautifully. The imperfections in the Olga portrait remind me of Picasso’s first Cubism painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon because of the shadow in the back ground that does not seem to fit Olga’s shape. If you look at the Cubism painting Picasso uses a lot of shadow and fuzzy lines in the back ground behind the women. I believe that when you look at the Olga painting long enough you can tell that is was not meant to be a perfect portrait of his wife therefore I believe that it is more of a cubist painting. That is very interesting because I thought that is looked as if the painting was done in person. Now that I know that he painted Olga from a photograph of her does not change my mind that the piece reflects the cubism paintings. In the other painting the women that Picasso pained the women look distorted and not human like. I believe that these women probably were not painted by picture but by imagination and emotion of Pablo Picasso. All in all, I believe that Picasso had a talent of portraying women in many different ways. His work is fascinating and very different than a lot of other artists work. How to cite Pablo Picaso â€Å"Olga†, Papers

Servant and Spiritual Leadership Theories

Question: Discuss about the Servant and Spiritual Leadership Theories. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the subject of communication and leadership. During this study, a particular case study of Auditing hidden agendas is considered. The study has focused on identifying the importance of proper communication and leadership style in the business organization. The relationship between the communication and organizational success as well as leadership and organizational success has been analyzed in this study. At the same time, the study also concentrates on the theoretical perspectives of communication and leadership. At the end of the discussion, the study provides the recommendations for the improvement of the given scenario. Identifying the concept and importance of communication and leadership in business organizations Communication is the most essential part of a business organization. In the words of MacLellan (2016), communication creates the bonding among the employees with the business organization. At the same time, Wiedemann and Meyen (2016) stated that for a company, communication is not only required for building the internal relationship among the people in the organization, but also building the relationship with the external stakeholders like, investors, creditors and government. Charlier et al. (2016) has commented that organizational communication is a process through which people within the organization and outside the organization shares their views and activities in order to fulfill the organizational goal. The importance of organizational communication is stated below: According to Wilhelm (2016), communication is one of the sources of employee motivation within a company. Clear communication between the employees and employer helps understanding the motive and ideas of each other. If the employees are aware of the motive of the employer, then they can understand how they can satisfy the needs of the employer. In the other words, it can be said that the employees can understand whether they can serve the needs of the employer or not. On the other hand, through proper communication, the employer can understand what the actual need of the employees is and how they can be motivated (Pacleb and Bocarnea 2016). Therefore, with the help of organizational communication, both employer and employees can be aware of each other and try to fulfill the needs of each other. Organizational communication helps building strong co-ordination between the employers and employees, among the employees and between the company and the external stakeholders. In the given case study, it can be identified that there was lack of communication between the company and its stakeholders. This type of situation can raise many problems within the company (Carter et al. 2016). Due to the lack of organizational communication, the stakeholders of the company were unaware about the financial crisis of the company. In this situation, it can happen that the stakeholders become dissatisfied with the performance of the company because they are not aware of the financial crisis in the company (Ruben and Gigliotti 2016). Therefore, the co-ordination between the company and the stakeholders is affected negatively. Hence, it can be stated that proper organizational communication helps building strong co-ordination. Khan et al. (2016) stated that organizational communication helps to build employees or stakeholders trust. In the case study, the dilemma took place because the CEO of the company was not ready to inform the stakeholders about the effects of financial crisis on the business of the company. However, it is the duty of the employer or CEO to inform the stakeholders about the financial situation of the company because their interests are related to the financial position of the company. If the stakeholders get to know about the actual financial condition after some days, then that may create a negative impact about the company. At the same time, trusts of the stakeholders will be reduced. Therefore, in order to build trusts in the minds of stakeholders, it is important maintaining proper communication between the organization and its stakeholders. Organizational communication is one of the sources of the information to the management as well as to the other stakeholders of the company (Pacleb and Bocarnea 2016). Communicating with the employer, the employees can know about the next target of the company. Similarly, with the help of communication, the creditors can know what the financial strength of the company is. The investors can also know the financial situation of the company through communication (DeFleur and DeFleur 2016). The information that every stakeholder gets through organizational communication, helps them taking proper decision regarding their engagement with the company. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be stated that organizational communication is very important for operating a business successfully. Theories of organizational communication Organizational communication can be better understood with the help of different organizational theories. There are several theories related to the organizational communication like, Information theory, Critical theory and Groupware theory. All of these theories are discussed below: Information theory suggests that communication between the people must be made in such a way so that no one can alter the actual message. This theory has stated that communication is done in order to transfer some information from one person to another (Merkl-Davies and Brennan 2016). However, during the transfer of message, some mistakes can take place, which is the major barrier in communication. Therefore, while communicating with the other people within a business organization, maintaining the reliability and validity of the information is very important, otherwise, there will be miscommunication. The theory also suggests that in order to maintain the accuracy of the communication, it is important of the organization measuring the accuracy level of organizational communication (Jensen 2016). The management of the organization can maintain the accuracy level of the organizational communication by putting more accountability on the recipients of the message or information. Critical theory: Critical theory of communication assumes that the organizational conflict is the result of wrong communication among the people within the organization (Beatty and Pascual?Ferr 2016). This theory suggests that proper communication is the key to achieve the organizational success. According to this particular communication theory, organizational communication is important because it helps to motivate the employees and reduce the level of misinterpretation and conflicts among the people within the company (Leonardi 2016). The critical theory believes that any critical situation within the organization can be solved with the help of proper communication. Therefore, it is very important for the organizations taking care of the organizational communication standard. Groupware theory: This particular theory of communication believes that the system of organizational communication may be changed with the changes in the technologies in the organization. Previously, the employees within the organizations used to communicate either through face to face meetings or through hand written letters (Merkl-Davies and Brennan 2016). However, with the changes in technology, the system of communication has also changed. Nowadays, people within the organizations use to communicate through computers or social media websites. The Groupware theory of communication specially focuses on the speed and style of communication (Leonardi 2016). This theory suggests that the positive and quick follow of information helps to maintain better relationship between the management and the other stakeholders of the company. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be stated that organizational communication is the medium of transferring the information from one employee to another employees. However, the management of the organizations requires maintaining a systematic flow of communication. Concept and importance of leadership According to Offord, Gill and Kendal (2016), leadership is the ability of an individual to motivate a particular group of people towards the achievement of a specific aim. At the same time, Contreras (2016) stated that leadership is a personality trait of influencing the people towards a particular goal. In the business scenario, leadership is the most essential factor for achieving the success of the organization. Storey (2016) mentioned that leadership not only means dominating the people but it indicates motivating the people through friendly and polite behavior. There are several styles of leadership that the business organizations follow. However, in any kind of leadership style, the leaders must follow some core principles of leadership and these are mentioned below: The leaders must be helpful enough to each of the group members whom the leaders are leading (Harrichand, Kimball and Kirk 2016). The leaders must have the ability to know the people or the group members. This indicates that the leaders must be aware of the positive and negative sides of each group member. The leaders must be aware of themselves. Proper leadership demands self-judgment and self-improvement (Delshad and Karimi 2016). The leaders must be able of handling the any kind of emergency situation within the organization and outside the organization. Ospina (2016) noted about different types of leadership styles like, autocratic leadership, participative leadership, strategic leadership, team leadership, facilitative leadership and cross-cultural leadership. Each of the leadership styles has some different and unique characteristics or features. Due to this, the leaders in the business organizations require to adopt different types of leadership in different situations. However, every type or style of leadership has the capacity of providing some benefits to the organization (Beatty and Pascual?Ferr 2016). These have created importance of leadership within the business organizations. The importances of leadership are stated below: Khan et al. (2016) stated that leadership is important in the business organization because it helps to create a strong bonding or co-ordination among the people within the country. Strong team bonding ultimately helps to achieve the business goal properly. Leadership is important because it helps to improve the competence level of the employees within the organization. However, in this context, Contreras (2016) argued that the competence level of the employees can be improved only when the leaders apply appropriate leadership style as per the situation. If the given case study is considered, then it can be identified that the leader or the CEO of the organization has not taken the right leadership style for handling the financial crisis situation of the company. As the employees of the organization are not fully aware of the financial situation of the company, they cannot understand whether their competence level should be improved or not. Leadership is an important factor for creating an effective and friendly working culture within the organization (Jensen 2016). Friendly and effective working culture actually motivates the employees towards the business goal. This is because if the management or leaders within the organization are friendly and supportive enough then the employees or sub-ordinates get any kind of help from their leaders, which actually motivates the employees to performing better. Leadership is also an importance factor for removing the conflicting situation within the business organization (DeFleur and DeFleur 2016). In a business organization different types of conflicting situations can take place. With the help of proper leadership, the management of the organizations can easily handle the conflicting situation. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that leadership is very important in the context of business. Wiedemann and Meyen (2016) commented that in the current competitive business scenario, a company cannot survive if it applies wrong leadership style. Offord, Gill and Kendal (2016) stated that if the importance of leadership is identified as per the different leadership styles, then it can be stated that when there is chaotic situation within the organization, the management of the company must apply the autocratic leadership style. The autocratic leadership style helps to run the business organization by considering the decision of the management only. On the other side, if the organization is facing a problem between the management and employees, then the application of participative leadership is more helpful (Delshad and Karimi 2016). However, different types of leadership styles depend on different theories of leadership. The theories of leadership are stated below . Analyzing different theories of leadership Storey (2016) stated that the leadership styles available to the leaders in the modern business organizations are based on different leadership theories. Some of the important theories of leadership are Trait theory, Behavioral theory and Contingency theory. These theories are discussed below: This particular theory of leadership is based on the different traits of human beings. According to this particular theory, the personality traits of the individuals help to identify the difference between the leaders and non-leaders. Wilhelm (2016) mentioned that while developing the trait theory of leadership, the features of successful as well as unsuccessful leaders have been considered. At the same time, Offord, Gill and Kendal (2016) commented that trait theory of leadership provides the constructive data and information about the leadership within the organization. However, Ospina (2016) argued that trait theory of leadership provides only the subjective judgment while considering someone as an efficient or inefficient leader. In support of this, Leonardi (2016) stated that there are huge numbers of human traits and it is not possible to consider each of the traits while identifying a successful leader. However, it is true that the trait theory of leadership is very effective in identifying and understanding the important traits of effective leadership. Behavioral theory: The behavioral theory of leadership is based on two assumptions. The first assumption is leadership is not a born talent rather it can be built within an individual. The second assumption is the effective leadership can be built through the learnable and definable behavior. Wilhelm (2016) stated that the behavioral theories of leadership consider that the leadership is such a talent of human beings that is created through effective learning and practice. Leadership is not an inherent talent of anyone. This means, the behavioral theory of leadership suggests that in order to lead an organization successfully, a leader needs to develop some effective personality traits. MacLellan (2016) mentioned that behavioral theory influences the human being towards the development of leadership traits because it believes that leadership characteristics can be generate and it is not in-born. However, Khan et al. (2016) argued that behavioral theory does not give any clue regarding its use in diff erent organizational situations. This particular theory of leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler during 1958. According to this theory, the success of a leadership is not solely dependent on the leadership style, but the control level of the leadership in a particular scenario is also the determinant of effective leadership (Delshad and Karimi 2016). The contingency leadership theory has critically researched on the characteristics of effective leadership and it has been stated that the characteristics of effective leadership are flexible. However, the subjective scale of the theory makes the usability of contingency theory limited. Relationship between leadership, communication and organizational sustainability According to Contreras (2016), the sustainability of a business organization depends on the level of communication and effectiveness of leadership within the organization. On the other side, Charlier et al. (2016) noted that the leadership and communication are also dependent on each other. In support of this, Wilhelm (2016) suggested that a leadership can be successful when the communication level within the organization is strong and an organization is successful when it has strong leadership as well as communication. Effective communication system helps the leaders making proper plan for the future and effective leadership motivates the employees to convert the plan into a success. In the other words, it can be said that by implementing the well developed communication system, the leaders in the organization can build a friendly working atmosphere and at the same time, the relationship between the management and employees becomes stronger. If the employee-management relationship is strong, then the employees become motivated towards the fulfillment of companys goal (Harrichand, Kimball and Kirk 2016). At the same time, it can also be said that if the employees are well motivated towards the fulfillment of companys overall goal, then it is obvious that the company will achieve a sustainable position in the market (Beatty and Pascual?Ferr 2016). This means in order to operate a business successfully and to make a business sustainable, the management of the organization requires leading the employees through effective leadership style and implementing proper communication network. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that communication and leadership are the most important factors behind the success of a company. In the study has found out that in the given scenario, the CEO of the company has not communicated properly about the financial position of the company with the employees ad well as external stakeholders. Due to this, the company may face several problems in future. The study has indicated that through effective communication, the organization can build team bonding, co-ordination and can clarify the doubts of the employees. On the other side, effective leadership helps to motivate the employees towards the fulfillment of the overall goal of the company. The study has also indicated that the sustainability or success of a company depends on both the effective implementation of communication system and leadership style. Reference list Beatty, M.J. and Pascual?Ferr, P., 2016. Trait Theories.The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. Carter, D.F., Ro, H.K., Alcott, B. and Lattuca, L.R., 2016. Co-Curricular Connections: The Role of Undergraduate Research Experiences in Promoting Engineering Students Communication, Teamwork, and Leadership Skills.Research in Higher Education,57(3), pp.363-393. Charlier, S.D., Stewart, G.L., Greco, L.M. and Reeves, C.J., 2016. Emergent leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel investigation of individual communication and team dispersion antecedents.The Leadership Quarterly. Contreras, F., 2016. Servant and Spiritual Leadership Theories: Are They Two Different Notions?.Journal of Human Values,22(3), pp.202-208. DeFleur, M.L. and DeFleur, M.H., 2016.Mass communication theories: Explaining origins, processes, and effects. Routledge. Delshad, A. and Karimi, S., 2016. Leadership: Strategic Management Tool in the Industry.European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings,4(1 (s)), pp.pp-2284. Harrichand, J.J.S., Kimball, P. and Kirk, K., 2016. Counseling Leadership Development: A Qualitative Meta-analysis and Theoretical Model. Jensen, K.B., 2016. Practical theories: Concepts, conceptions and conceptualizations of communication.Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication,7(2), pp.143-156. Johnston, L.M., 2016. Constructivist Theories of Leadership. Khan, G.F., Lee, S., Park, J.Y. and Park, H.W., 2016. Theories in communication science: a structural analysis using webometrics and social network approach.Scientometrics, pp.1-27. Leonardi, P.M., 2016. How to Build High Impact Theories of Organizational Communication Strategies of Discovery and Reconceptualization.Management Communication Quarterly, p.0893318916675426. MacLellan, C., 2016. Spiral of Silence: Caregiving, Stress and its Impact in the Workplace A Thesis Presented to the Faculty in Communication and Leadership Studies School of Professional Studies Gonzaga University.Signature. Merkl-Davies, D.M. and Brennan, N.M., 2016. A Theoretical Framework of External Accounting Communication: Research Perspectives, Traditions and Theories.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal. Offord, M., Gill, R. and Kendal, J., 2016. Leadership between decks: a synthesis and development of engagement and resistance theories of leadership based on evidence from practice in Royal Navy warships.Leadership Organization Development Journal,37(2), pp.289-304. Ospina, S.M., 2016. Collective Leadership and Context in Public Administration: Bridging Public Leadership Research and Leadership Studies.Public Administration Review. Pacleb, T.G. and Bocarnea, M.C., 2016. The Relationship between Leadership Styles, Leader Communication Style, and Impact on LeaderMember Exchange Relationship within the Banking Sector in the United States. InChallenges, Performances and Tendencies in Organisation Management(pp. 275-287). World Scientific. Ruben, B.D. and Gigliotti, R.A., 2016. Leadership as Social Influence An Expanded View of Leadership Communication Theory and Practice.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, p.1548051816641876. Storey, J. ed., 2016.Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge. Wiedemann, T. and Meyen, M., 2016. Internationalization Through Americanization: The Expansion of the International Communication Association's Leadership to the World.International Journal of Communication,10, p.21. Wilhelm, P., 2016. the Importance of COMMUNICATION in LEADERSHIP Culture.